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Definition

Brain drain refers to the movement of scientists, talented, specialists, talented persons, and smart people from one nation to another. countries with limited economic and living conditions to developed countries; In search of better living conditions, a more stable political and social environment, and access to advanced technological systems, to obtain better job opportunities with higher salaries and thus obtain a better quality of life.

 Flight is a matter of international concern; This is due to its negative impact on the conditions of countries that have been subjected to the migration of their human capital abroad. 

Brain drain is not a recent phenomenon, as history has witnessed extensive migrations of competencies from rural areas to cities, and brain drains followed from Europe to North America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but in the current era, the most common brain drains are from developing countries in Asia, Africa, and some Latin American countries, to developed countries and the most embracing of talents and capabilities, such as America and some countries of Europe. The brain drain is not limited to moving from developing countries to developed countries.

 Sometimes the brain drain occurs between two advanced countries, especially in the financial, health, software, and space fields. This is because some developed countries give better opportunities in these areas than other developed countries.

forms of brain drain

There are many forms of brain drain. There is a geographical brain drain from one country to another that is more embracing of their skills and capabilities, and there is a brain drain that occurs through a mass transfer of competencies from a company due to their lack of job stability and the lack of opportunities available to them in the company for advancement and professional advancement, to other companies that provide them with the privileges and possibilities necessary for a better career life.

 Which increases their ability to achieve and develop. As for the third form of brain drain, it is by giving up competencies for an entire industry or field and searching for another field that can provide them with their requirements.

 Usually, forms of migration from companies and industries take place when the economic situation of the country is generally tense, Far from being open to modern technologies and techniques, the chances of achieving personal and job security seem difficult.

Causes of brain drain

Many reasons lead to brain drain from one country to other countries, but they can be divided into two main parts; The first is the reasons that motivate emigration from the mother country, which include poor capabilities and resources, poor economic conditions, high unemployment rates, and poor research and scientific capabilities, and sometimes they may include political instability or living insecurity. 

As for the other section, it includes the attractive causes of brain drain; These are reasons related to the country that attracts minds to migrate to it, as attractive countries provide more job opportunities with better salaries and a higher ceiling for intellectual freedom, in addition to the cultural richness of these countries, the development of their educational systems, and the provision of a better quality of life for skilled and knowledgeable people.

The effects of brain drain

Negative effects of brain drain 

The negative effects of the brain drain are varied in various fields, the most prominent of which are the following:

1.  Widening the gap between the attractive developed countries and the original countries.
2. The cultural dependence of brains and competencies on the countries to which they immigrated, abandoning their customs and traditions, and thus negatively affecting their identities.
3. The high cost of attracting foreign competencies that will fill the shortage in the attractive country and train them on the nature of work in it.
4.  Weakness in conducting scientific research, which means the subordination of the countries that lack competencies to the countries that attract them. The great financial loss was represented by the national resources that were spent to educate the competencies before their emigration.
5. Obstructing the intellectual and educational development in the country from which the competencies migrate, influencing the development processes, and increasing the tasks and burdens on the remaining individuals, may lead to their apathy, a feeling of exhaustion, and low productivity.
6. The loss of a large proportion of the productive forces in various fields negatively affects the economy of the country from which the brains emigrate.
7.   The decline in the economic, health, and social level in the country from which the talents emigrate; As a result of the loss of scholars and specialists in these fields.

Positive effects of brain drain

There are several positive effects of brain drain despite the many negative effects resulting from it, and these positives are as follows:

1. Remittances and the increase of funds transferred by individuals to the countries of origin, support the development process.
2.   Exchange and transfer of knowledge to the countries of origin through conferences and participation in scientific projects. Improving the process of development and the use of technology, and providing the necessary support for development in countries that attract talent and brains.
3.   The possibility of migrants returning to their countries after acquiring the skills necessary for the development process is in the interest of their countries. 

Reducing brain drain

The negative effects of brain drain can be reduced by imposing the country that suffers from this phenomenon encouraging policies for the competencies that belong to it and trying to harness their experiences and skills for the benefit of the country and to achieve their satisfaction, but these steps, despite reducing the negative effects of the phenomenon of brain drain, they do not stop it permanently nor It ends all the economic and developmental consequences of it, as the countries affected by this phenomenon need to combine all local efforts and cooperation of governmental and non-governmental institutions; To attract competencies from other countries and compensate for the shortage of local competencies. 

Examples of measures that reduce the phenomenon of brain drain are the following:

Providing vital and encouraging economic opportunities

One of the most important factors of talent migration is the lack of job opportunities in their home country, and if these opportunities are available, they may not be with salaries appropriate to the standard of living, so the economy must be revived and talents should be given encouraging job opportunities to stay and achieve in the mother country.

Providing a stable political and social environment

The competences’ sense of confidence that their country is free of corruption and heading on a clear path to development and prosperity encourages them to stay in it and invest their capabilities and skills on its soil; Therefore, it is necessary for the country affected by the emigration of its talents to provide a comfortable and secure political environment and a vital social space that enhances the confidence of talents in the future of the country.

Strengthening a sense of national identity

One of the important goals that countries affected by brain drain must strive to achieve is to build a strong cultural identity and enhance their citizenship values; Which pushes the competencies to advance their country and seek to develop it with all the skills and capabilities they possess.