What is socialization
Socialization
Socialization is a continuous and changing process throughout life, as it aims at the relative and metric social integration of the individual, and as, on the other hand, as a means of acquiring personality through the assimilation of the necessary modes of movement and action (social standards, values, and representations... ) to achieve a degree of relative compatibility across the context of the personal and social life of the individual within that ever-changing life. (Al-Mustafa Hadiya, Socialization in urban areas in Morocco, translated by Muhammad Bin Al-Sheikh, Rabat Maroc net press, 2006, p. 124)
And we aim at socialization to provide individuals in the various stages of their development (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age) certain behavioral methods that are consistent with group standards and community values so that interaction and compatibility in social life in the society in which they live is achieved for these people.
The process of socialization takes place through Social interaction processes, the individual turns from a biological organism to a social being, acquiring many psychological and social trends through learning and imitation, which imprints his behavior with a social character.
The community, through the process of socialization, plays an important role in encouraging and strengthening some desirable behavioral patterns that are compatible with the values of the community and its civilization... while resisting and thwarting other types of undesirable behavior... (Dr. Khalil Michael Awad, Social Psychology Moroccan Publishing House, 1982, pp. 101-103).
It is often confused between socialization, normalization, subjugation, and acculturation, and therefore to remove confusion about the overlap of the concept of socialization with the aforementioned concepts, by examining the definition of socialization according to the following sociological, psychological, and cultural approaches:
The sociological approach:
This concept (social upbringing) defined several different approaches during the historical development of Western societies, especially European ones; in the sixties, the stage of growth, where evolutionary occupies a distinct position, by focusing on the Weberian hypothesis (relative to the social scientist weber), which says The political, social and economic growth is linked to social upbringing, that is, to the values and representations underlying the individual. Most of the studies with a social tendency interested in social upbringing adopted a comparative approach, as some specializations appeared in this field, such as political upbringing, which was the preferred subject for studies and research.
In the seventies, research interest was focused on a new perspective that considers the process of socialization as a “key” to the preservation, maintenance, and continuity, through generations of successive classes, and in particular through social differences. Therefore, comparisons and studies focused on social groups (social classes, socio-professional patterns, sex...).
Then, in the new works on socialization, there was a tendency to divide the areas of its analysis into several small groups (sous-groups) such as the family, school, housing, playing space... Where the effects of socialization were studied according to the specifics of places or institutional places, And through the terms of inclusion and acculturation, and the consolidation of mental representations, controls, and social standards.
Psychological approach:
Upbringing is the process of learning social life, that is, it is how the individual acquires the standards, knowledge, behavior models, and values that make him active in a specific society.
The upbringing also works on integrating the social order on the part of the individual and making it part of his personality and expressing his identity.
Cultural approach:
The cultural trend holds that the structure of personality is subject to the culture that characterizes an entire society. Culture means in particular the system/values system of society.
For Kardiner, every socio-cultural system corresponds to a basic personality. Through it, every society transmits its values to subsequent generations, and they assume that values and the rest of the elements of the cultural system are integrated by the individual, and form a kind of programming that mechanically controls his behavior
Objectives of socialization:
aims to instill the factors of internal control of behavior, provide an appropriate social atmosphere, achieve psychological maturity, and teach the individual the knowledge, skills, and values that enable him to integrate into society.
Mechanisms of socialization:
imitation, observation, autism (which is an unconscious imitation of the imitated model), discipline, reward, and punishment...
Characteristics of Socialization:
Socialization is a process of growth: it grows with the growth of the child, from a biological organism that controls its behavior and physiological needs to a successful individual who is free to some extent from his motives, so he becomes in control of his emotions and whims, trying to reconcile them with the demands of the social environment.
It is a dynamic process:
because it is a continuous movement and interaction; interaction between individuals, and between individuals and others and groups that individuals deal with.
It is a social learning process:
it allows the individual the opportunity to interact socially with others through multiple situations and roles, thus gaining a lot of experiences and psychological trends. With him, Newcomb (1959) sees that the term socialization can be synonymous with social learning.
Some data negatively affect (obstacles) in social upbringing, including the conflict between the components of the psychological system of the individual, stripping the individual of his social roles, isolationism, and introversion, wrong educational methods, instability and family balance, illness, and accidents, acute emotions, climate, and weather.
Forms of learning affecting socialization:
Including:
- effective learning: where the learned behavioral pattern is followed by reinforcement, to be following the desired standards and values.
- Direct learning: It is a planned and intended directing of behavior and the practice of reinforcement.
- incidental learning: which is the result of indirect and intentional learning and reinforcement.
- Punishment effects: the use of violence to avoid unwanted patterns of behavior.
- Learning from models: imitation and simulation of certain behavioral patterns and patterns. Reincarnation: It is the imitation of certain behavioral patterns and social roles.
Factors and Institutions Affecting Socialization:
Culture:
the social upbringing of the individual is affected by the general culture of society. Culture is the general heritage that descends to us from previous and successive generations and includes beliefs, traditions, customs, moral and religious rules, laws, arts, science, knowledge, technology, behaviors, and feelings of individuals and groups, and their relationships and representations...
The family:
It is the most important and the strongest of the primary groups and the most influential in the upbringing of the child, his social behavior, and the building of his personality. The family is what disciplines the child and makes his behavior socially acceptable, and it inculcates in the child the values and attitudes that are acceptable to the community and accepted.
There are family variables that affect the social upbringing of the child, such as the type of relationship between parents, parents' attitudes towards the child, the relationship between brothers, the social and class position of the family, the educational and cultural level of the family...
Peer group:
the influence of children on each other has its advantages and benefits in shaping their social life, acquiring a lot of experiences, and satisfying their psychological arguments, which helps their social growth.
The media:
they affect social upbringing through audio, visual, or written messages, where employing information, news, ideas, trends, and others, they reflect multiple aspects of the society’s culture, trends, and social relations, thus working on the upbringing of the individual on certain social standards and trends.
The School:
The school is one of the most important institutions of specialized social upbringing, as it works to teach science and knowledge and transfer culture from one generation to the next. To integrate positively into his community.
Among the educational, psychological, and social methods that help in the positive social upbringing of the learner, we mention: the prevalence of an atmosphere of tranquility and a sense of success, and achieving the satisfaction of kindness and appreciation within the school; Teaching children the social life inside the school through the freedom of education and self-management of the group of students, the formation of clubs and associations, learning to respect the laws and the right, duty, and responsibility ... the openness of the school to its social environment; ...); satisfying all the learner's psychological, social and cognitive needs.
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